Topic Specific Vocabulary

Non verbal – not involving or using words

• Couples who have been married for years usually communicate non-verbally through their hand gestures or other physical actions.

Computerize – To carry out, control, or produce by means of a computer

• The idea behind computerization of marking attendance, applying for leaves or filing a request to the Human Resource department helps them to make the system more user friendly.

Sender – To convey or cause to be conveyed or transmitted by an agent

• The sender of the courier must mention his address and phone number on his package to ease the process of communication in case of a failed delivery of the package.

Facial expression  – gesture executed with facial muscles

• A new mother makes a judgment of her baby’s well beings through the toddler’s facial expressions.

Oral communication –   communication by word of mouth

• A manager cannot hire an employee with poor oral communication for a sales and marketing job profile.

Eye contact – The state in which two people are aware of looking directly into one another’s eyes

• In the workplace, your posture and eye contact can send co-workers a positive or a negative message.

Workplace – a place where people work, such as an office or factory

• Employees should adhere to workplace ethics to jibe in the environment and work peacefully.

Co worker – an associate that one is employed with

• An effective co worker can guide you and help you excel in your work.

Ineffective – Not producing an intended consequence

• Weak channelization can lead to ineffective communication.

Body language – communication via movements of the body

• Non verbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions and body language.

Phone message – a message transmitted by phone

• Phone message is considered an informal way of communication in a workplace.

Barrier – structure that impedes free movement

• Barriers in communication can distort or prevent effective communication.

Effective – producing or capable of producing an intended result

• Students should practice to learn effectively, and not just confine learning to theory classes.

Team work –   cooperative labor done by a group

• A successful venture is the result of dedicated, relentless and progressive team work.

Spoken word –  a word that is spoken aloud

• It is wise to introspect spoken words for public figures as each word uttered is analyzed by the media.

Face to face – in direct confrontation

• Face to face conversation gives a better understanding to carry out the task easily.

Activated – rendered operative

• Activated charcoal is used by beauticians to remove dirt from skin pores.

Confuse – mistake one thing for another

• Semantic barriers cause confusion in effective communication.

Distract – To draw or direct to a different object or in different directions at the same time

• It is easy to distract children with digital media in today’s world.

Inattentive – showing lack of awareness and concentration

• During the second half of the class, students usually become inattentive.

Organize –  to arrange by systematic planning

• First step to communication is to begin with a clear message that is logical and well organized.

Interfere – get involved so as to alter or hinder an action

• One must not unnecessarily interfere in someone personal life.

Involve – contain as a part

• Teamwork is a way through which each person gets involved to do the work delegated.

Highlight – an area of lightness in a picture.

• Important points must be highlighted to make it easier for the student to revise the text.

Install – set up for use

• It is important to install upgraded machinery in factories for maximizing output.

Interactive – Mutually or reciprocally active

• Interactive sessions must be held individually and as a team by the human resource department to encourage team spirit.

Compose – To form by putting together

• Many poets have composed beautiful versus to praise the serene mountains of North India.

Interview – A formal consultation usually to evaluate information by a candidate

• In order to claim the treasure, the challengers had to undergo an interview as well.

Posture – the arrangement of body and its limbs

• One must sit in correct body posture in order to avoid various heath issues.

Extrovert – socially confident person

• It is usually extrovert people who make exceptional speakers.

Introvert – a shy, reticent person

• I have always been an introvert and have made very few friends even at school.

Altruist – someone who cares about a person, regardless of anything

• Being an altruist makes ones character strong and dependable.

Egoist – self centered, selfish person

• An egoist can never have good intentions.

Ambitious – determined to be successful

• In order to have a bright career, one must be very ambitious.

Diligent – showing care or effort in your work and duties

• If you are a diligent worker, you earnestly try to do everything right.

Gregarious – liking to be with other people

• Someone who is gregarious enjoys hosting parties and get together to interact and enjoy life.

Persistent – determined to do something despite difficulties.

• Ravi remained persistent in finishing the project before the deadline.

Sincere – showing what you really think or feel

• One must be very sincere while performing their tasks.

Witty –   Ability to say or write clever amusing things.

• Witty remarks may sometimes prove to be offensive.

Practical – good at making or repairing things

• Some people find practical subjects more interesting than theoretical ones.

Resourceful –  good at finding ways of doing things.

• It is in the good will of the company to retain its resourceful employees.

Passionate – having or showing strong feelings

• An artist must be passionate about his work to give his best performance.

Genuine – something exactly what it appears to be

• There are not very genuine people in today’s world.

Adaptable – able to adjust to new conditions

• All employees must be trained for using new software to make them competent and adaptable.

Adventurous – willing to take risks and try new ideas

• Being adventurous lets you take many unsaid risks in life.

Courteous – polite, especially in a way that shows respect.

• If you are courteous, your manners will always show concern for others.

Frank – honest and direct in what you say

• Children should always be very frank with their parents while discussing problems.

Impartial – not biased

• A teacher should always have impartial attitude towards his students.

Consecutive – following each other continuously

• The students were asked to complete the two tasks consecutively without a tea break.

Acid rain  – Rainfall that causes harm to the environment.

• Acid rain over the years has turned the sparkling white marble of the Taj Mahal turn yellow.

Carcinogen –  substance that causes one or more type of cancer

• Cigarette smoke is injurious to health and contains a number of carcinogens.

Carbon dioxide –  gas released by plants

• Living beings inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide to survive.

Carbon foot print – measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide, a person adds to the atmosphere.

• People today are making a conscious effort of reducing their carbon foot print to save mother earth.

Car pool – share a car instead of driving one alone

• Carpool is one method that can help reduce traffic on roads.

Compost – breaking down of organic waste into healthy soil

• Natural compost acts as a pesticide to plants and helps in their growth.

Commute – to travel back and forth

• In metropolitan cities, people usually commute for long hours from their home to workplaces.

Conservation – protection and preservation of natural environment

• Conservation of environment would help all the living beings to live a healthy life.

Domestic waste  – garbage from a house or apartment.

• In our country, there is a separate procedure to decompose domestic waste.

Dump – to put waste in a wrong place

• The waste was dumped near a community center creating havoc in the city.

Eco community – a community with environment friendly buildings, and clean environment.

• The architects today plan to build eco communities in the future.

Endangered species  – animals or plants in danger of becoming extinct.

• More than half the species of the world are now endangered due to human encroachment in their natural habitat.

Ecosystem – complex system of relationship between living and non living things

• The marine ecosystem of the northern gulf suffered an irreparable damage due to excessive commercialization in the area.

Extinct – no longer existing

• Many Australian animals have become extinct this year due to the massive bush fires.

Emit – to release or project something.

• Vehicles emit many harmful substances in the environment.

Fertilize – adding chemicals in soil for better plant growth

• One must use organic fertilizers, in order to have a better produce.

Food chain – order in which organisms in an ecosystem eat one another

• Food chain follows a single path whereas food web follows multiple paths.

Fossil fuel – fuel formed through very old plant and animal fossils.

• Burning fossil fuels is a major cause of global warming.

Global warming –  long term rise in average temperature of the earth.

• Global warming is one of the most vexing environmental issues today.

Green house gas –  gas in the atmosphere that stops heat from escaping into space.

• Carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide are some very common greenhouse gases.

Habitat – a place in which species normally live.

• These days animals are getting extinct as their natural habitat is being destroyed by human activity.

Hazardous waste – dangerous substances that need careful disposal

• Hazardous waste from factories is usually dumped in the oceans.

Pesticide –  chemical sprayed on crops

• It is very hard to find safer pesticides in order to stop insects from destroying the crops.

Recycle – make something new from the used material

• Green bins are usually kept for recycling of paper and glass.

Reforestation – planting of trees

• Reforestation projects are undertaken to accelerate the recovery of the lost plants and trees.

Renewable – something not depleted when used.

• Production costs for renewable are higher than for the non renewable.

Reuse –  to use again

• Things like plastic bags and bottles should be reused to curb their unnecessary production.

Smog –  fog intensified by smoke or other atmospheric pollutants.

• Smog results from a large amount of coal burning in textile factories.

Wild life –  native fauns of a region

• Wildlife is majorly threatened through poaching, hunting, and climate change.

Toxic – deadly or poisonous material

• Release of toxic waste in the ocean adversely affects the aquatic life.

Toxin – a poison of plant or animal origin.

• There are some toxins that are created by human body and some toxins are excreted by plants and animals.

Zero emission  – release of no green house gas.

• Zero emission vehicles like electric cars are an innovative way to safeguard our environment.

Self sufficient  – able to function or produce without help.

• We live in a self sufficient farming community.

Poaching – illegal hunting of animals

• Poaching was usually done by impoverished farmers before it was banned.

Pollute – to contaminate a natural area

• Human kind has polluted the atmosphere with its continuous concrete construction.

Decay – to rot or decompose

• His body had begun to decay after a very short while.

Biodiversity – variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat

• Biodiversity is an important feature of both, natural and manmade ecosystem.

Ecology – branch of biology dealing with relations of organisms.

• Ecology enriches our world and is crucial for human well being and prosperity.

Niche –  position that is very suitable for someone.

• My uncle is an advocate in the Supreme Court and feels that he has found his niche.

Pyramid of energy – model of energy flow in a community.

• Pyramid of energy shows biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level.

Water pollution  – contamination of water bodies.

• Sources of water pollution are either from textile factories or the automobile industry.

Oil spill – an escape of oil into the sea

• Oil spills became a major environmental problem in the 1960s due to the leakage of petroleum products in the water bodies.

Biodegradable – substance capable of being disposed by bacteria.

• These cups are biodegradable so they are good for the environment.

Sustainability – ability to be maintained at certain level

• Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Condensation – the conversion of vapour or a gas to liquid.

• The difference in temperature lead to condensation of water on the window glass.

Evaporation – process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.

• Evaporation constantly occurs throughout nature and is the fundamental part of the water cycle.

Ozone layer  – region of earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

• The ozone layer protects the earth from the ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Solar power – power obtained with harnessing the energy of sun’s rays.

• Solar power uses sun’s energy either directly through thermal energy or through use of photovoltaic cells.

Wetlands – land consisting of marshes and swamps.

• Wetlands are dynamic aquatic ecosystems found all over the world.

Unleaded –petrol without added lead.

• All the cars these days use unleaded petrol that produce less harmful gases.

Malnutrition – Lack of proper nutrition

• Many young children have died over the years in the African subcontinent due to malnutrition.

Health – The state of being free from illness or injury

• The health department of the state issued new guidelines to curb the spread of the pandemic.

Nutrients – A substance providing nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and growth

• Nutrients like amino acids are very essential for the body to function properly.

Overeat – To eat to excess

• Overeating not only leads to obesity but also vulnerable to high cholesterol levels that may lead to a cardiac arrest.

Vitamins – organic compounds essential for normal growth

• Children shout be fed a diet that has enough vitamins and minerals for their overall growth.

Over weight – excessive or extra weight

• People having an unhealthy diet usually are overweight.

Obesity – the unhealthy condition of being very fat or overweight

• Most of the people in America usually suffer from obesity due to unhealthy lifestyle.

Illness – a period of sickness affecting the body and mind.

• Mental illness has more devastating effects on a person than physical ailments.

Diet – all the foods a person or animal usually eats

• ­ One must take a healthy diet in order to stay fit.

Calorie – a unit for measuring the amount of energy we get from food.

• Athletes are conscious of their physical well being and hence take only calculated number of calories.

Carbohydrates – substances in food that is a major source of energy

• Limiting carbohydrates in diet is a good way to lose weight.

Body mass index (BMI) – a weight to height ratio

• The body mass index can be used to access physical fitness of a human body.

Junk – unhealthy food and food products

• Junk food especially pizza with a glass of aerated drink is very popular among the youngsters.

Saturated fat – A type of fat that’s found in butter, cheese

• Reducing the amount of saturated fat in your diet can help you live longer.

Trans fat – an artificial fat that makes food last longer and taste better.

• Food containing trans-fat are banned in many places because they’re detrimental for our health.

Sugar – Natural carbohydrate found in fruits and vegetables.

• Artificial sugar is used to give flavor to cakes and pastries.

Salt – White crystalline substance, adding taste to the food.

• The best way to season the meat is to add salt in it.

Pescetarian diet  – diet that includes vegetarian food and fish but no other form of meat.

• My cousin thinks farming animals and chickens is cruel and bad for the planet, so he consumes a pescetaria diet.

Vegan diet –  With plant foods only

• Many people these days are strictly following a vegan diet.

Preservatives -a chemical substance used for preventing food from spoiling or wood from decaying

• Many processed foods have added preservatives, artificial coloring and flavoring.

Cancer – serious illness that is usually difficult to cure and often leads to death

• My grandfather died of stomach cancer when he was seventy.

Cholesterol – substance in body cells that can cause heart disease if their levels in the blood are too high.

• Our body must not exceed a certain amount of cholesterol.

Diabetes – serious illness in which a body cannot regulate the amount of sugar in blood.

• Being obese is the most common cause of diabetes.

Contaminate – To make inferior or impure by admixture

• Contaminated water can cause infection in the stomach.

Epidemic – a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease

• The epidemic can cause widespread destruction to human life on earth.

Fatal – causing someone to die.

• The accident could have turned fatal for all passengers, had the driver not applied brakes in time.

Lobby – to contact people with power like politicians and try to influence them for your benefit.

• The food industry spends huge amount of money lobbying politicians.

Regulate – control by means of rules and regulations.

• Sweating allows human body to regulate its temperature.

Risk factor – something that increases a person’s chance of encountering a risk

• Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.

Stroke – sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen.

• Knowing the signs of stroke is the first step in preventing a stroke.

Vegetarian – someone who does not eat meat or fish.

• People in India usually eat vegetarian food on Tuesdays.

Eggetarian – a vegetarian who also eats eggs and egg products

• Athletes turn eggetarians to fulfill their nutritional demand for protein.

Consume – eat, drink or ingest

• The poor consumed all food packets provided to them by the government during the lockdown.

Bland – tasteless

• The fruit tasted bland at first but later turned sweet.

Aroma – a nice smell, especially from food

• I love sipping a hot cup of aromatic coffee during the winter.

Dessert – Sweet food eaten at the end of a meal

• My favorite dessert is tiramisu which is a coffee flavored Italian dessert.

Entrée – main course of a meal

• Entrée should be ordered after the appetizers and is usually a heavy gravy curry with bread to go with it.

Kitchenware – things used for preparing food.

• Our kitchen cupboards are full of kitchenware that we hardly use.

Menu – the list of food and drinks served in a restaurant

• The elaborate menu at the wedding consisted of 5 different cuisines.

Ingredients – all the foods used to make a dish or meal

• ­ It is very important to put exact amount of ingredients in order to make your dish taste delicious.

Poultry – the flesh of chicken and other domestic fowl as food.

• Factory farms keep poultry in tiny cages in order to make huge money.

Recipe – Instructions for cooking a dish or meal

• An elaborate recipe can help even a novice to cook good.

Fry – to cook something in hot oil or fat

• ­ I prefer to have fried chicken than grill it.

Cutlery – implements for cutting and eating food

• It is very difficult to eat rice without proper cutlery.

Grain – The seeds or fruits of various food plants including the cereal grasses

• The food grains were destroyed due to lack of proper storage.

Bake  – to cook in an oven

• I have made several attempts to bake a cake but have never succeeded in any one of them.

Appetizer – food served before the main course.

• I love having a clear vegetable soup as an appetizer.

Course – one part of the meal

• French people usually have three courses in a full meal.

Delicious – tasting very good

• The delicious food cooked by my mother makes me overeat.

Grill – to cook something just above or below a heat source

• The barbeque was used to grill meat and vegetables during the house warming party in the backyard of my house.

Nuclear family – family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children

• The nuclear family system is a traditional way of living still followed in India.

Extended family – family that includes near relatives in addition to a nuclear family

• It is common for children to spend their vacations with their extended families.

Single parent – a parent not living with spouse or partner.

• It is a tough job to nurture kids as a single parent.

Relatives – group of people related by blood and marriage.

• Relatives play a very important role in keeping a family intact.

Siblings – brothers and sisters.

• No matter how much siblings rant but they always hold each other’s back.

Adolescents – young person developing into an adult.

• Adolescents can sometimes behave irrationally and get into trouble.

Dependents – Relying on another for support

• Children under the age of 18 are considered dependents under the Indian constitution.

Authoritarians – Demanding that people obey completely

• The director of the company acts as an authoritarian and takes administrative decisions in case of an emergency.

Birth rate – The ratio between births and individuals in a specified population and time

• The birth rate of India should be controlled since the country is not equipped to feed so many people.

Upbringing – to care for a child, until he or she is an adult

• A mother plays an eminent role in the upbringing of her children.

Raise – to take care of a child until they are adults

• Helen, being a step daughter was raised by Mrs Neena with a lot of love and care.

Child development – Changes occurring in human beings between birth and at the end of adolescence

• The first five years of life are critical for child development and requires constant care and attention.

Child care – care for children provided by an organization while parents are working

• Child care organizations have led many campaigns for the development of neglected children.

Divorce – legal process to end a marriage

• Divorces can be painful and lead to mental distress for both partners.

Separation –  the action of being moved apart

• The separation of the child from his mother led to his depression and physical illness.

Child neglect – failure of being responsible towards children.

• Child neglect can sometimes have ever lasting effect on a person’s personality.

Dysfunctional family – a family where there is conflict and misbehavior.

• Children of dysfunctional families tend to carry these emotional scars even as an adult.

Emotional security– to feel happy and secure for having enough love, acceptance and respect

• It is very important for a child to have emotional security from their loved ones or parents to feel safe.

Well adjusted – one who behaves rationally and has a good judgment.

• A well adjusted happy child will be less likely to be physically ill.

Responsible parent – ability to act correctly while bringing up a child.

• Mr Behal is a very responsible parent who takes care of his child’s mental and physical growth.

Formative years – a period of person’s life capable of alteration by growth and development

• The period of adolescence can be termed as your formative years of an individual’s life.

Adoption – taking legal responsibilities as a parent of a child

• The process of adoption involves a huge responsibility for the care taker.

Fostering – taking responsibility of a child in place of the child’s natural parents.

• The foster houses usually are not able to provide a healthy atmosphere to the children.

Nurture – care for and protect while they are growing.

• Teachers should nurture spontaneity, eagerness and creativity of their students.

Over protective – to protect (someone or something) more than it is necessary or reasonable

• It is sometimes silly of parents to become over protective for their kids.

Spoiled child – a child who shows bad behavior due to overindulgence of parents

• A spoiled child may bring more harm to himself than to others.

Uncle – the brother of someone’s father or mother.

• My uncle is a philanthropic who started an NGO that protects women and children against violence.

Nephew – the son of someone’s brother or sister.

• My nephew celebrated his 12^th birthday last month with his family and friends.

Niece – a daughter of someone’s brother or sister.

• Her niece won a gold medal in the swimming competition.

Cousin – a child of someone’s uncle or aunt.

• My cousin is a qualified marine engineer working with the Indian Navy.

Spouse – a husband or wife, considered in relation to their partners.

• Lisa and her spouse seem to share a very special bond with each other where they don’t shy from showing mutual affection.

Mother-in-law – the mother of one’s spouse.

• My mother-in-law enjoys drinking coffee instead of tea in the morning, reading the daily newspaper.

Father-in-law – the father of one’s spouse.

• My father-in-law spends his time writing and reading in his study.

Puberty – period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity

• He reached puberty later than most of his classmates.

Infancy – period of early childhood.

• Children are usually rebellious during their infancy.

Kin – one’s family and relations

• Our neighbors and their kin attended a family function in the neighborhood.

Juvenile – Childish, immature

• She was criticized by her seniors for her juvenile behavior at the party.

Monogamy – the state of being married to one person at a time.

• Monogamy is practiced mainly by mammals all across the globe.

Nuptial – related to marriage or wedding

• The nuptial bond not only bounds two people but also their families.

Orphan – a child whose parents are dead

• She became an orphan when her parents died in a car accident.

Progeny – a descendant of a person or animal.

• The saplings are the progeny for the old oak tree in my backyard.

Wedlock – the state of being married.

• I joined the happy couple in celebrating their holy wedlock.

Quadruplets – four children born at one birth

• The zoo says only 1% of red panda litters are quadruplets.

Offspring – a person’s child

• Hereditary diseases usually pass from parents to their offsprings.

Advertising agency – a company that creates adverts for other companies.

• Advertising agency clients include business and corporations, non profit organizations and private companies.

Advertising budget – the amount of money a company tries to spend on advertising.

• Every company has their own advertising budget.

Brand awareness – the extent of how well people know a particular brand.

• Creating brand awareness is a key step in promoting a new product.

Brand loyalty – the degree to which people continue to buy from the same brand or company.

• Brand loyalty is considered to be bread and butter of what keeps a business alive.

Packaging – the process of shipping a product

• Good quality packaging makes the product look very attractive.

Call to action – encouraging someone to take a particular action.

• If an employee is misbehaving in an organization, the manager must be called to action.

Classified ads – small advertisements often put in a newspaper or magazines by individuals.

• Classified ads are much cheaper than large display ads used by businesses.

Buy and sell – exchange of items between individuals.

• No organization can work without the process of buy and sell technique.

To cold call – to call someone with the aim of selling something without them asking you to do so.

• When someone is cold calling, it is usually done without an appointment.

Commercial break – short break during tv programmes when advertisements are shown.

• Short commercial breaks keep viewers more engaged.

Commercial channel – channels making money by showing advertisements

• Commercial channels aired more repeats than their counterparts in the public sector.

To go viral – quickly become extremely popular.

• Nirbhaya case went viral on the internet in a very short span.

Junk mail – unwanted promotional leaflets and letters

• Junk mails are usually sent out by direct marketing, or direct mail firms.

Launch a product – to introduce a new product

• Hyundai company launched a new car last month.

Mailing list – list of names and contact details used by a company to send information.

• Mailing list is a formal way of transmitting information.

Mass media – large media outlets like tv, newspapers etc.

• Mass media is the most convenient way to reach a large audience.

Niche product – product aimed at a distinct group of people.

• Some companies launch a niche product with a very low affordability rate, in order to make it affordable for a particular section of society.

Press release – something written by company for newspapers and magazines and websites to share and publish.

Press release is a formal way of briefing about an event.

Place an advert – to put an advert somewhere.

• Placing an advert is considered to be a very simple process.

Prime time – time when most people watch television.

• Big boss show is networked at a prime time.

Product placement – using product as a prop in a tv show or a movie.

• Product placement lets a company incorporate, specific brands and products through various celebrities for the promotion of the particular product.

Sales page – a page specifically used to promote a product.

• Every luxury store has their own sales page designed for the public.

To show adverts – to display adverts on tv.

• Adverts were shown throughout the movie emphasizing the importance of clean water.

Social media – websites enabling users to share content.

• Social media helps interact with people all over the world.

Spam email – unwanted, promotional email.

• Usually spam emails are sent through the enterprise mail server.

Target audience – a particular group being aimed at.

• His stated target audience is old people.

Word of mouth – spoken communication as a means of transmitting information.

• Slander is a defamatory statement made by word of mouth.

Transit advertising – posters on trains, buses, etc.

• The main purpose of transit advertising is to reach riders and acquaint them with the brand.

Covert advertising – product being incorporated into a movie or tv show.

• Promotion of ponds beauty cream is done by youth of today, however it is one of the examples of covert advertising.

Sponsorship – financial support received from a sponsor.

• Arts sponsorship can be more effective than advertising.

Tele marketing – promotion and selling of product through a phone.

• Tele marketing helps in making a direct contact with the customer.

Celebrity endorsement – celebrity paid to promote and market a product.

• Celebrity endorsement is highly an effective way of marketing a product as it is a very high profile affair.

Flyers – printed information handed out to customers face to face.

• Flyers can be an attractive piece of information but they are usually very costly.

Text messages – promotions reaching target audience in a limited time with limited characters in the text.

• Jule’s text message contained a warning and brought riya  back to work in the organization.

Billboards – signs on the road or at sports stadiums.

• Larger bill boards will always have a better impact on the audience or the customers.

Magazine ads – ads aimed at a specific market and interest groups.

• Magazine ads are more expensive than newspaper ads.

Newspaper ads – ads placed in particular section in a newspaper.

• Newspaper ads play a very important role in portraying good and bad both.

Tv commercial –  Promotion of products and services using color, action, sound and sight.

• Promotion of products through this platform is memorable and accessible to large market.

Client base – a specific type of people that regularly buy the company’s product

• My uncle had a client base of around 100 by the end of 2019.

Coupon – paper production that helps market a product.

• Good brand stores provide coupons on the purchase of clothes in huge amounts.

Jingle – a short song , that helps sell product through audio or visual media.

• Companies license popular songs from performers to promote their product that they want to sell by attracting the customer.

Press kit – media package of brochures and other assorted free materials, sent to various outlets to promote a product.

• Film companies often use press kits to help give their new film some exposure.

USP – unique sales point or unique sales proposition.

• USP is the essence of what makes your product or service better than your competitors.

Viral marketing – common expression used to help market a product across the internet.

• Viral marketing is usually done by accident when a wave of internet popularity responds well to a particular product.

SEO – search engine optimization, process of increasing the quality and quantity of website traffic.

• SEO targets different kinds of searches, for example, image search, video search etc.

Slogan – memorable phrase used in advertising.

• Slogans are used in advertisements in order to promote a product.

Banner – elongated poster used to promote a product.

• These days people see a lot of banners in print form on the buildings.

Drum up – procure something by persistent effort.

• We were unable to drum up enthusiasm for the new policies.

Gloss – shiny, not substantial

• The attire worn by the actress in the show last night was too glossy.

Buzz – speaking rapidly in a low voice

• Students in a classroom have a habit to buzz all the time.

Hype – to promote or accent excessively

• To sell a product we need to hype the usage of it.

Mercantile – Connected with trade and commercial affairs.

• Ravi joined his family’s mercantile business, buying and selling woodcut artefacts.

Trade – The activity of buying and selling or of exchanging goods or services between people and countries.

• His company was trying to boost foreign trade.

Commerce – The buying and selling of goods and services.

• On this island, commercial activities have slowed down since the pandemic began.

Transaction – A piece of business that is done between people, especially an act of buying or selling.

• The monetary transactions between the two companies was the sole reason for the drift.

Dealing – The way of doing business with somebody.

• The dealings with Ramesh’s Company are appreciable.

Patronage – The system by which an important person gives help or a job to somebody in return for their support.

• Alfa Tech trade company is dependent upon the patronage of Mr Smith.

Objective – Something that you are trying to achieve.

• The objective of the new venture was to attain more of the workforce.

Startup – A company that is just beginning to operate.

• My friend and i left our jobs to begin our own startup.

Currency – The system of money that a country uses.

• India uses rupees as its currency.

Appointment – A formal arrangement to meet or visit somebody at a particular time, especially for a reason connected with their work.

• My daughter had a very important appointment yesterday, as she had to meet the CEO of the company.

Consolidate – To join things together into one.

• As media becomes consolidated , the potential for its abuse becomes more serious.

Enterprise – A company or business.

• The construction of the dam was a joint enterprise between Indian and Chinese governments.

Market – A particular area, country , or section of the population that might buy goods.

• The domestic market is still depressed but the demand abroad is picking up.

Commodity – A thing that is useful or has a useful quality.

• The country’s most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.

Operational – Connected with the way in which a business , machine , system , etc.

• There are operational advantages in putting sales and administration in the same thing.

Offshore – Happening or existing in the sea, not far from the land.

• The shoe factory has been offshored to Mexico.

Reshoring – Moving a business that was based in a different country to its original country.

• It was clear that re shoring can help in rebalancing the economy of the country.

Vested interest – A personal reason for wanting something to happen , especially because you get some advantage from it.

• As both, a teacher and a parent , she had a vested interest in keeping the institute remain open.

Transact – to do and complete a business activity

• The sale was transacted in condition of the greatest secrecy.

Amortizable – used to describe a business cost or an asset.

• Capital expenses are amortizable over a number of years.

Coopetition – the act of working together with  a person who is your business competitor.

• The two companies have a relationship, which you could describe a competition.

Cooperatively – Together with others towards a shared aim.

• The teachers reached to the solution by working together cooperatively.

Intangible asset – Something that does not exist as a physical thing but is still valuable to a company.

• Something that does not exist as a physical thing but is still valuable to a company.

Shareholder – An owner of shares in a company or a business.

• I was a shareholder of the Reliance Telecom Company.

Devolve – to be given to other people.

• To be a good manager, you must know how to devolve responsibility to others.

Legal Tender – Something that can be used as an official medium of payment.

• My friend used his father’s property as a legal tender for his company.

Gold – great wealth

• After shifting to America , my friend’s cousin is playing in golds.

Debt – An obligation to pay or do something.

• Once a company goes into debt, it is hard to sustain it.

Subsidisation – The act or practice of giving money to somebody or to an organisation to help pay for something.

• Subsidisation is being offered by the government of India to the small scale industries.

Barter – The system of exchanging goods, property, services, etc without using money.

• In pre modern ages , people had no currency but traded by barter exchange.

Saving – An amount of something such as time or money that you do not need to use or spend.

• An amount of something such as time or money that you do not need to use or spend.

Loan – The act of lending something.

• The Bank of India denied a loan requested by the Reliance industries.

Grubstake – Funds supplied in return for a promised share of profit.

• Mr Hiranandani worked as a grubstaker for Aamir Khan’s film.

Wealth – A large amount of money, property etc that a person or country owns.

• One’s wealth doesn’t reflect one’s class.

Scratch – To make or remove mark, etc on something deliberately.

• After the breakdown of the company, my friend started from scratch to build his business.

Cost – The amount of money that you need in order to buy , make or do something.

• The cost of a beach facing house is very high.

Expense – The money that you spend on something.

• The expenses of the institute were more than its earnings hence it collapsed.

Benefit – A helpful and useful effect that something has.

• No benefits were provided by the government to the poor during the crisis.

Fundraiser – A social event or an entertainment held in order to collect money for charity or an organisation.

• A fundraiser is being held by the rotary club for cancer patients on the 20th of December.

Collect – Get or being together

• The donations were collected by the manager of NGO.

Invested – To buy property, shares in a company , etc in the hope of making a profit.

• Flipkart invested its money into a new company named Myntra.

Usurer – A person who lends money to people at unfairly high rates of interest.

• A person who lends money to people at unfairly high rates of interest.

Venture capital – Money that is invested in a new company to help it develop.

• Wealth available for investment in new or speculative enterprises.

Pittance – An inadequate payment

• He paid his worker a pittance.

Receipts – The entire amount of income before any deductions are made.

• The receipt of the goods did not match the balance sheet of the company .

Monopoly – The complete control of trade in particular goods or the supply of a particular service.

• The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.

Forgery – The crime of copying money, documents, etc in order to cheat people .

• He was found guilty of forgery.

Stagflation – An economic situation where there is high and continuous rise in the prices but no increase in the business activity.

• In the 1970s and early 1980’s India saw the onset of stagflation.

Loot – To steal something.

• Their shop was looted by three thieves.

Wallet – Flat case made of leather or plastic for carrying documents.

• Alex paid for his ticket and tucked the wallet inside his suit jacket.

Active rest – A leisure time during which you exercise

• Active rest is a technique that trainers implement to maximize benefits of a workout.

Volleyball – team sport where two teams are separated by a net.

• Boys play volleyball better than girls.

Barbell – a weight lifting gear

• If you are new to lifting weights, your barbell may only hold few pounds.

Brisk walk – fast walk

• People who are obese must do brisk walking every day.

To build muscle – to gain muscle mass.

• Regular exercising can help an adult to build on their muscle.

Fitness program – a timetable of activities to keep you in good shape.

• World health organization organizes various fitness programs every year.

Football fan – someone who adores football.

• My brother is a huge football fan.

Football pitch – surface on which you play football

• Nowadays football pitches have turf for players to practice and play.

Football season – a period when football is played

• My parents and I go to London every year during the football season.

Jogging – a form of running at a slow pace

• Jogging keeps the heart rate very stable.

Arena – level area for holding sport events.

• The arena was full of excited spectators cheering on their team.

Amateur– engaged in something, for example, playing sports.

• The Asian games were originally for amateurs only.

 Athlete – a person who trains for and competes in a sport.

• Some people become athletes to take it as a profession.

Champion – a top rated, highly successful player.

• Michael is known as the champion of badminton in our school.

Cheer on – to shout encouragement to a team.

• The audience made a lot of noise while cheering on their teams.

Compete – to take part in a contest.

• Over 5000 athletes will compete in the Asian games.

Court – a quadrangular area on which ball games are played

• The badminton court in Delhi has grass surface.

Cup – awarded as a price in a contest

• After our team won the basketball match, we were awarded the championship cup.

Draw – to finish the game with an even score.

• The cricket match between team India and England concluded in a draw.

Gym – a room or building equipped for physical exercise.

Our gym has many running and muscle strengthening machines.

Half time – Interval between first and second half of the game.

• The players had a lot of water during the half time and could not play efficiently after that.

Lob – a shot that is hit in a high arc

• The batsman hit the ball so hard that it lobbed over the heads of the audience and fell out of the ground.

Penalty – punishment imposed on the player for breaking rules.

• They allowed him to pay back the money without any penalty.

Score – number of points earned during the game.

• India improved their score in the second half of the game.

Serve – to hit the ball to begin playing

• Serving the ball is one of the most important skills in sports like tennis.

Tackle – to challenge an opponent

• Good players need to learn the technique of tackling an opponent player.

Team mate – a fellow member of the sports team

• One of my teammate could not reach his work place on time.

Umpire – a sports official with authorities to make rules during a game

• In a swimming competition, there are a minimum of two umpires conducting the competition.

Whistle – small instrument that make a high pitched noise when blown

• The referee blew his whistle thrice to signal the end of the match.

Victory – the act of winning the game or contest.

• The players had worked very hard and they deserved their victory.

Spectator – a person who watches the match.

• Spectators have the tendency to create an exciting or a very dull atmosphere.

Skill – the ability to do something well.

• Rahul has gone to a boxing camp to improve his boxing skills.

Record – the best performance that has officially been measured and noted.

• The swimmer broke the Guinness World Records for being the fastest swimmer.

Another string to your bow – another skill

• I enjoy my work, but I would like to have another string to my bow in case I lose my job.

To dive in head first – to start doing something 100%

If you begin something enthusiastically, without thinking about the possible consequences, you dive in head first.

To get off on the wrong foot – to start a relationship badly

• I got on a wrong foot with my best friend.

To jump through the hoops – to do what you are told to do

• The general manager asked me to jump through the hoops, without being answerable to the higher authorities.

To do something off your own bat – to take an initiative and do something on your own

• Whatever he did, he did off his own bat.

To get off to a flying start – to make a successful start

• Milkha Singh got off to a flying start on the running ground.

To be on the ball – to be sharp and know everything that’s happening

• The duke was on the ball when he noticed the boredom of the clients and quickly switched his presentation.

Plain sailing – without any problems

• The team building activities were not at all plain sailing.

Run rings around someone – to be far superior to someone else

• One should not unnecessarily run rings around someone, as it is ethically not right.

Name of the game – core priority

• The name of the game in learning to play an instrument is practice.

You can’t win them all – impossible to win every match or contest

• I know you are disappointed to have lost the game, but you can’t win them all.

Win some lose some – said to express consolation or resignation after failure in a contest

We had to shut the business down this week, but the food industry, you win some and lose some.

Be out of your league – when competitors are far superior to you.

• Winning the cricket match this year against Australia is out of league for Pakistan.

Badminton – sport played by a racquet

• Sehaj loves to play badminton.

Basketball – game played between two teams with a ball

• Our school won the inter school basketball competition for 3 years consecutively.

A personal best – best score achieved by a sports person in a particular time.

Sachin Tendulkar’s score in the Asian games 2018 was his personal best.

Streetcar – an electric vehicle for transporting passengers and typically operating on city streets

• Kolkata was the first city where streetcars were used in India.

Rapid transit – fast passenger transportation in urban areas

• India is yet to establish a system of rapid transport in its metropolitans.

Vessel – a large boat or ship

• Terrorists have started using vessels for transportation of weapons.

Congested – Extremely or excessively full or crowded

• Roads in Delhi are very congested during office hours despite transportation through metros.

Rush hour – busy part of the day when people are travelling back and forth

• The opening of new bridge in my city helped divert traffic in the rush hour.

Car pool – two or more people doing a regular journey in one car

• Car pooling is an effective method to curb pollution in big cities.

Long haul – travelling a long distance

• Long haul journeys can be stressful for old people.

Itinerary – a detailed plan or a route of the journey.

• Tourists are provided with proper itinerary before starting their tour.

Round trip – a trip of a place and back again.

• I drive around 200 km round trip in every 15 days to fulfill my professional responsibilities.

Air pollution – the presence of harmful substances in air

• Burning of fossil fuel causes a lot of air pollution.

Emit – to send out

• Heavy vehicles emit a lot of harmful gases which causes air pollution.

Electric car – a car that uses energy from a battery to operate

• Electric cars can help you save money.

Spacecraft – a vehicle used for travel in space

• India is preparing an indigenous spacecraft carrying astronauts for an expedition to the moon.

Auto pilot – equipment that allows for an aircraft or ship to travel in a particular direction without being manned

• The auto pilot mode of the aircraft has not yet been tested in the laboratory.

Coach – a bus used to take groups of people on long journeys.

• I would like to tour the city of Chandigarh in a coach with my friends.

Yacht – a boat used for travelling around for pleasure or racing.

• Many travelers have now converted their yacht to tiny house lodging for sustainable living.

Overpass – a bridge that carries one road over another

• Construction of new overpass reduced the traffic significantly.

Environmentally friendly – not harmful to the environment

• Electric cars are more environmentally friendly than diesel or petrol cars.

Business trip – a journey taken for business purposes

• My father goes for a business trip every month.

Commute – to travel regularly between work and home

• I commute every day in my own car.

 Bumper to bumper – with very little space between the cars

• The cars are aligned bumper to bumper during a traffic jam.

Hit the road – to begin a trip

• I like to hit the road early while going on long journeys.

Service road – a small road next to a busier or faster road

• Usually heavy vehicles are not allowed to take the service road.

Public transport – system of vehicles used by public

• The fares for the public transport are not very high.

Journey – an act of travelling from one place to another

• Train journeys are better than car journeys.

Motorway – a road with three lanes going each way.

• Motorways play a very important role in transportation of goods and segregate traffic.

Junction – A place or point of meeting; an intersection of roads

• The railway junction at the Shimla Railway station marks the end of northern railway line.

Roundabout – a road junction at which traffic moves in one direction round a central island to reach one of the roads converging on it.

• Chandigarh is a planned city with many roundabouts.

Freeway/highway/expressway – a public road often with multiple lanes.

• Usually people drive their cars at very high speed on highways or the expressways.

Ring road/ Belt way – a road that circles a town or a city

• I never prefer taking a ring road while travelling.

Bus lane – a part of road marked off with painted lines for buses

• Two wheelers are not allowed to use the bus lanes.

Noise pollution – annoying levels of noise

• Increased volume of music in my house caused disturbance to my neighbors.

Petrol – a light fuel oil is used in internal combustion engines.

• Petrol run transport caused increased levels of air pollution in the once sleepy town.

Rail card- a pass entitling the holders to reduced rail fares

• Rail cards are usually used by youth to manage their budget.

Air pocket/ turbulence – a region of low pressure causing an aircraft to lose height suddenly

• Air pockets in flights can sometimes can cause discomfort to its passengers.

Lorry – a large heavy motor vehicle for transporting goods.

• Emergency food supplies were brought in by lorries.

Minibus – a small bus carrying about ten to fifteen passengers.

• My family hired a minibus for a vacation to our native village.

Motorbike – small motor cycle with a low frame and small wheels.

• My brother loves to ride motorbikes.

Ferry– a boat transporting people or vehicles over a water body

• Venice is famous amongst tourists for its ferry rides.

Bicycle – a vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals

• Riding bicycle was my favorite hobby during my childhood.

Pedestrian – a person who travels by foot

• My grandfather has remained a pedestrian all his life.

Crowded – compacted or concentrated

• Railway stations always remain crowded.

Departure – the act of leaving

• The departure timings of some trains are usually fixed.

Arrival – the act of coming to a certain place.

• During winters, train arrivals get delayed due to fog.

Ticket – a commercial document showing the holder is entitled to something.

• Flight tickets are more expensive than train tickets.

Luggage – cases used to carry belongings when travelling

• I always have extra luggage whenever I travel abroad.

Passport – a document allowing citizen to travel abroad

• My passport just expired two weeks ago.

Helicopter – aircraft with long blades on top that assist in flying

• Unlike airplanes, helicopters can fly even at low elevation.

Tram – a vehicle that runs on rails and is propelled by electricity.

• He was asked to take the tram to the departure terminal of the airport.

Travel – To move or undergo transmission from one place to another

• My friend travelled all the way from Mumbai to Chennai for my wedding.

Journey – an act or instance of traveling from one place to another.

• The journey from Mcleodanj to Triund is very tiring.

Trip – to make a journey

• Unplanned trips are the best kind of vacation.

Ecotourism – tourism directed towards exotic, threatened environment intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

• My tourist guide suggested me to visit the very famous ecotourist Ranthambore forests for my wildlife photography.

Transport – the act of moving something from one location to another.

• There was no transport facility from Shimla to Mashobra during winters.

Export – commodities sold to a foreign country.

• The export business of a country brings high revenues to it.

Pilgrimage – a journey to a sacred place.

• Mecca and Medina are pilgrimages taken by the Muslim community all across the globe.

Sightseeing – the activity of visiting places of interest in a particular location.

• We are planning to go for sightseeing at the Pichola lake after lunch.

Lodging – temporary accommodation

• The lodging facilities of students are managed by Mr. Smith.

Destination – the ultimate goal for which something is done

• As soon as we reached our holiday destination, we were invited to the bonfire party.

Leisure  – time available for lease and relaxation.

• The students had a leisure time at the Garden of Buddha.

Grand tour – an extended cultural tour

• I planned a grand tour to Europe to celebrate my parent’s 50^th

Airlines – a commercial enterprise that provides scheduled flights for passengers.

• The Air India airlines provide all comforts to their passengers.

Taxi/cab – a cab driven by a person whose job is to take passengers wherever they want.

• Taxi drivers in Delhi are usually not cooperative.

Hotel – an establishment that provides lodging and usually meals, entertainment, and various personal services for the public

• We had booked a sea facing room at our hotel for our vacation to Goa.

Camping – the activity of spending a holiday living in a camp.

• My school has arranged a camping trip to Kheerganga this January.

Excursion – a journey taken for pleasure.

• My brother surprised me by offering an excursion trip to Manali on my birthday.

Itinerant – travelling from place to place to work

• Sandeep serves as an itinerant of the company for the marketing their newly launched products.

Voyage – an act of travelling by water

• My father’s maiden voyage as the captain of the ship was in the year 1995.

Wayfaring – travelling on foot.

• We decided to wayfare around the town to explore the place well.

Cuisine – manner of preparing food

• We enjoyed so many different cuisines throughout our trip.

Junket – a trip taken by an official at public expense

• Our Prime Minister was on a junket to USA for negotiating deals on crude oil production in India.

Wanderlust – very strong or irresistible impulse to travel

• Ridhem’s wanderlust inspired her to be a tour and travel guide.

Trekker – a traveler who makes a long arduous journey.

• Almost all professional trekkers prefer Divson’s trekking kit while traveling.

Roam – move about aimlessly

• We were roaming about in the streets of Paris at 2am to enjoy night life there.

Jet lag – fatigue and sleep disturbance as a result of jet travel.

• I suffered with a jet lag after a long haul flight from India to Toronto.

Locomote – to move about

• Children begin to locomote when they are six to seven months old.

Slither – to pass or move smoothly

• The snake slithered into the kitchen from the backyard.

Elapse – pass by

• Probably several weeks shall elapse before the treatment starts for Lisa’s condition.

Commute – a regular journey of some distance to and from your place

• It is very easy to commute to any place in Chandigarh.

Expedition – a journey organized for a particular purpose.

• The expedition by researchers to statistically assess damage due to the pandemic has already begun in several countries.

Motion sickness – the state of being dizzy because of travelling

• Throughout the journey she was suffering from motion sickness.

Sledge – a vehicle on runners pulled by horses or dogs for transportation.

• We used a neighbors sledge and horse to transport fire wood for the night in Alaska.

Tripper – a tourist who is visiting sights of interest.

• He was a very keen tripper till his last breadth.

Swash – the movement or sound of water

• He could hear the swash of the lake from his balcony.

Travail – use of physical or mental energy

• He was trembling and shaking in the agony of travail.

Byway – a side road less travelled

• The byroad to Manali seemed too scary to continue our journey.

Hand luggage – luggage that is light enough to be carried in hand

• Only 10 kg of hand luggage was allowed in the flight.

Circumnavigate – sail or travel completely around especially by water

• The navy was circumnavigating throughout the Island to find traces of the crashed helicopter.

Prance – move with high springy steps

• A number of rats prance against a black background.

Throughway – a broad highway designed for high speed traffic.

• The throughway from Delhi to Agra is built very well.

Regional – related to or limited to a particular region.

• There are 200 recognized regional languages spoken in India.

Boost – the act of giving hope or support to someone.

• The coach boosted the team players for their brilliant performance in the match.

Infrastructure – the basic structures or features of a system or organization.

• The infrastructure of Prime Minister’s office is built, keeping in mind all safety measures.

Stray – move about aimlessly or without any destination often in search of food or employment.

• The man was straying around the jungle for weeks before he found shelter.

Crawl – a very slow movement

• The baby is crawling for the first time.

Sport fishing – the act of someone who fishes as a diversion.

• Sport fishing is very famous leisure activity near the village of Goa.

Heritage – Something transmitted by or acquired from a predecessor.

• India’s heritage is spoken of highly in history books of all across the world.

Floriculture – the cultivation of flowering plants

• All tourists were mesmerized by the floriculture displayed at the Rose Garden.

Compulsory – Having the power to force someone to do something.

• French language was a compulsory subject in our school.

Curriculum – Courses offered by a school or a university.

• The University of Waterloo offers an excellent curriculum for all its programs as a result of continued research by its professors on periodic revision of text.

Inquisitive – Inclined to ask questions

• Lisa has been a very inquisitive about her surroundings since childhood.

Discipline – Control gained by enforcing obedience or order

• Discipline is an integral aspect of leading a healthy life.

Peer– One that is of equal standing with another

• Technology has helped peer through various unknown facts of the astrological world.

Remedial – Concerned with the correction of faculty habits

• Many students were advised to attend remedial classes for personality development.

Graduate – A holder of an academic degree or diploma

• My brother is a law graduate from Delhi University.

Qualification – a pass of an examination or an official completion of a course, especially one conferring status as a recognized practitioner of a profession or activity.

• Acquiring professional qualification requires perseverance and determination.

Research – Careful study to find out new knowledge.

• Naina did a lot of research before deciding her topic for synopsis.

Visual – Relating to seeing or sight.

• Children grasp better through visual information rather than words.

Theory – An idea or set of ideas used to explain a fact or event.

• Scientific theories are sometimes hard to understand.

Degree – Title given by an educational institute upon completion of studies.

• As soon as I finished my degree, I got a job in a very reputed company.

Evaluate – To determine the significance, worth, or condition of usually by careful appraisal and study

• It is very important to evaluate your progress by the end of the semester.

Analyze – To study in great detail in order to discover meaning and essential features.

• The doctor analyzed the patient’s reports before giving an opinion.

Procrastinate – Delay or postpone an action.

• Lisa procrastinated and missed the project deadline.

Distance learning – a method of studying in which lectures are broadcast or lessons are conducted by correspondence, without the student needing to attend a school or college.

• Many people who are employed continue their education through distance learning.

Higher education – Education beyond the secondary level

• Students these days are travelling abroad for higher education.

Literacy – The ability to read and write.

• The literacy rate in our country is increasing eminently.

Coursework – Work that is assigned or performed as a part of a course or study

• The coursework of medicine requires long hours of study and practical work in health centers.

Co-education – The education of both male and female students at the same institution

• Co-education is a very healthy way to teach discipline to students.

Illiterate – Unable to read and write.

• The efforts of the government have decreased illiteracy rates by 50% in the last five years.

Primary ( Elementary ) Education – First stage of formal education

• Authentic primary education is good for a child’s growth.

Secondary education – Education followed after primary level that typically lasts for six years

• The years of secondary education help a child decide their career.

Concentrate – To direct your attention or efforts to a particular activity.

• My brother cannot concentrate on his studies for very long.

School subject – A course or area of study.

• English, Maths , Science etc are various compulsory school subjects.

School uniform – Obligatory attire worn by students

• My school uniform was a combination of red and white color.

Private lessons – Extra time given to the students in case they face difficulty in understanding at school

• Weak students should be given private lessons to help them attain better grades.

Formal education – classroom based learning provided by trained teachers.

• Formal education is the best way to achieve a well qualified degree.

Non formal education – Flexible and learner centered learning

• Non formal education does not target a particular group of people.

University degree – An academic title given by a university or college.

• University degrees help you seek jobs on a better scale.

Boarding school – School where pupils live during term time.

• Dehradun has many boarding schools.

Intensive course – A course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in a very short time

• Intensive courses usually help children revise text who have already attended formal education.

Learn something by heart – To memorize thoroughly

• I leaned the process of the digestive system by heart during my final exams.

To play truant – To stay away from classes without permission.

• Rohan often played a truant and wrote his own absence notes.

Tuition fee – Money paid for the course of study.

• Tuition fee of private schools is a very expensive affair.

To meet a deadline – To finish a task or job in agreed time duration

• Shilpa could not meet the deadline and paid penalty for late submission of her project.

 Mature student – A student who is older than average and returned to education after a period at work.

• Monil is a mature student in our batch who resumed education after serving the military.

Public schools – A school supported by public funds in North America

• Public schools are widespread in North America for educating youngsters.

Subject specialist – A teacher who has great knowledge of a particular subject.

• My mother is a subject specialist in Punjabi.

To take a year out – To spend a year working or travelling before starting university.

• Randeep thought of taking a year out before getting committed to another degree.

To sit an exam – To take an exam

• Yogesh sat for an exam several times, but could not clear his backlog.

State school – A school paid for by public funds and available to the general public.

• State schools have a varied structure to provide better education.

Tutor – A teacher paid to work privately with one student or a small group.

• My parents got me a mathematics tutor to help me improve my grades.

Pupil – A person who is taught by another, especially a schoolchild or student in relation to a teacher

• Many pupil seek special attention by their teachers for subjects they find hard to understand in regular classes.

Dissertation – A long piece of writing on a specific subject, submitted especially at the end of the degree.

• Students pursuing a degree of law submit their dissertation by the end of their degree to get full credits for acquiring a degree.

Seminar – An occasion when a group of students and a teacher meet for training.

• My friend went to attend a seminar on women empowerment that took place in the Jammu University.

Post doctoral – Advanced study that a person does after completing their doctoral studies.

• My father supervised several post doctoral projects in the university.

College – A place of higher education or vocational training

• My degree at Lady Shree Ram college laid the foundation of my career choice.